Bay Area's Premier O&P Specialists · Oakland, Pleasant Hill & San Francisco

Life-Changing
Results,
One Step at a Time

From scoliosis bracing for children to prosthetics for veterans—KickStart O&P delivers personalized, expert care that restores independence and reignites possibility.

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30+
Years of Experience
19+
Years Serving Oakland
15+
Years Scoliosis Specialty
3
Bay Area Locations

When Your Child Needs a Brace, Experience Matters

A scoliosis diagnosis is frightening. Parents need a provider who not only understands the latest bracing science—but who genuinely cares about their child's comfort, confidence, and outcome. That's exactly what KickStart delivers.

Boston Rigo Cheneau Boston 3D Brace Dynamic Whisper Brace Night-Time Brace UnyQ Custom Brace Post-Surgery TLSO Neuromuscular Pediatric Specialist
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15+ Years Scoliosis & Pediatric Focus

Tony LaFrance has dedicated over 15 years to mastering scoliosis bracing—among the deepest specialized experience in the Bay Area.

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Multiple Brace Options — One Right Fit

We evaluate every patient individually and offer the full spectrum of brace types, including low-profile designs that can be worn discreetly under clothing.

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A Family Practice That Listens

Unlike large corporate O&P chains, we dedicate time to understand your child's life, activities, and concerns—so the right device becomes part of their story.

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ABC Certified Practitioners

Both Tony and Michael hold full ABC Certified Prosthetist & Orthotist (CPO) credentials—the gold standard in the field.

Schedule a Scoliosis Consultation

What Is Scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a complex, three-dimensional deformity of the spine — not just a simple sideways curve, but a rotation and structural change affecting the entire trunk.

A Three-Dimensional Condition

When most people think of scoliosis, they picture a spine that curves left or right. In reality, scoliosis involves changes in all three planes of the body: the coronal plane (side-to-side), the sagittal plane (front-to-back), and the transverse plane (rotation). This three-dimensional nature is why effective bracing must address all three planes simultaneously.

In a healthy spine viewed from behind, the vertebrae stack in a straight vertical line. In a spine with scoliosis, that line curves — and the vertebrae also rotate, causing the characteristic "hump" that becomes visible when bending forward (the Adams Forward Bend Test).

The curve is measured in degrees using the Cobb angle method. A Cobb angle of 10° or more is required for a medical diagnosis of scoliosis. Curves below 10° are considered normal spinal asymmetry.

Key fact: Most scoliosis curves (about 80%) are "idiopathic" — meaning the cause is unknown. They are not caused by bad posture, heavy backpacks, sleeping position, or sports. Scoliosis is a structural condition, not a lifestyle one.
Normal
Straight
Scoliosis
Cobb Angle
S-Curve
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Coronal Plane
The visible side-to-side curve, measured by the Cobb angle on an X-ray. This is what defines scoliosis as >10°.
Transverse Plane (Rotation)
Vertebral rotation is responsible for the rib hump and the 3D deformity that braces must correct for.
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Sagittal Plane
Scoliosis often flattens the normal front-to-back curves of the spine, affecting posture and breathing mechanics.

Restoring Movement.
Rebuilding Lives.

Whether you or a loved one is navigating limb loss, recovering from spinal surgery, or managing a condition like Clubfoot (Pes Varus). KickStart's ABC Certified Prosthetists & Orthotists bring decades of hands-on expertise to every consultation. We combine advanced technology with deeply personal care—because a prosthetic or spinal orthosis is never just a device. It's a pathway back to independence.

From microprocessor-controlled knees and myoelectric limbs to custom-molded TLSO body jackets and LSO back braces, we evaluate each patient individually—then build, fit, and follow up until the result is exactly right.

Schedule a Consultation Explore Our Glossary
4
Core Prosthetic Types
6+
Spinal Brace Systems
30+
Years Combined Experience
ABC
Certified Practitioners

"We don't just fit devices—we fit them to people. Every socket, every brace, every follow-up adjustment is built around who you are and the life you want to live."
— Tony LaFrance, CPO

Advanced Prosthetic Solutions

Modern prosthetic limbs are engineered to match your activity level, body mechanics, and lifestyle goals. At KickStart, we work with you—and your physician—to select, fabricate, and fit the right device, then support you through every step of rehabilitation.

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Below Knee

Transtibial Prosthesis

For amputations below the knee, a transtibial (BK) prosthesis allows patients to retain full use of the knee joint—greatly simplifying rehabilitation. The custom socket distributes weight across the residual limb, and our certified practitioners optimize fit through an iterative casting and alignment process to ensure comfort, stability, and natural gait.

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Above Knee

Transfemoral Prosthesis

Above-knee (AK) prostheses include a prosthetic knee joint and are among the most complex devices in the field. Because transfemoral amputees typically expend significantly more energy to walk, optimal socket fit and knee selection are critical. Modern options include hydraulic, polycentric, and microprocessor-controlled knees for fluid, terrain-adaptive movement.

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Partial Foot

Partial & Syme's Prosthetics

Partial foot amputations and Syme's-level amputations require specialized prostheses that restore push-off power and balance. KickStart fabricates custom solutions that protect the residual limb, restore natural foot function, and accommodate footwear—so patients can maintain an active, independent lifestyle.

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Activity-Specific

Sport & Waterproof Prosthetics

Everyday prostheses aren't always the right tool for every adventure. We fit activity-specific devices—carbon-fiber running blades, water-safe recreational prostheses, and cycling-optimized components—so our patients can swim, run, bike, and compete without compromise.

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Myoelectric

Myoelectric Prosthetic Arm

Myoelectric prostheses detect electrical signals produced by residual muscle contractions through surface electrodes placed on the skin. These signals are amplified and used to control motorized components—enabling the artificial hand to open, close, and rotate with remarkable precision. Suitable for both transradial (below-elbow) and transhumeral (above-elbow) amputees.

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Body-Powered

Body-Powered Prosthesis

Body-powered (cable-operated) prostheses use a harness and cable system to translate shoulder and body motion into terminal device movement. Durable, lightweight, and providing direct proprioceptive feedback, these remain a highly reliable option—particularly for high-activity users and those in demanding work environments.

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Transradial

Below-Elbow Prosthesis

Transradial (BE) prostheses attach below the elbow, preserving the critical function of the elbow joint. Active options include cable-operated hooks and hands, as well as advanced myoelectric hands capable of individualized finger movement. Passive cosmetic options are also available for those prioritizing appearance.

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Transhumeral

Above-Elbow Prosthesis

Transhumeral (AE) prostheses replace both the elbow and lower arm, requiring sophisticated designs that replicate multiple joint functions simultaneously. Modern active transhumeral prostheses incorporate myoelectric sensors—and sometimes cables—to deliver meaningful arm and hand movement through careful rehabilitation and practitioner fitting.

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Microprocessor

Microprocessor Knee & Ankle Systems

Computer-controlled prosthetic joints use onboard sensors and microprocessors to continuously adjust resistance and response in real time—automatically adapting to stairs, slopes, and varying terrain. The result is safer, more natural movement and significantly reduced risk of stumbles and falls for above-knee amputees.

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Carbon Fiber

Carbon Fiber Prosthetic Components

Lightweight yet extraordinarily strong, carbon fiber is the material of choice for high-performance prosthetic feet, pylons, and sockets. Carbon fiber energy-storing-and-return (ESAR) feet mimic the spring-like mechanics of the Achilles tendon—delivering efficient, natural push-off with every step.

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Socket Innovation

Adaptive & Custom Socket Fitting

The socket is the most critical—and most personal—part of any prosthesis. A precise, comfortable fit prevents skin breakdown, controls the limb effectively, and directly determines how well the user can function. KickStart uses detailed casting, digital measurement, and iterative test-socket fitting to achieve optimal outcomes for every patient.

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Suspension Systems

Modern Suspension Technology

From pin-lock liners and elevated vacuum systems to suction suspension, today's suspension options keep prostheses securely attached while maintaining skin health and comfort. Our practitioners evaluate each patient's residual limb volume, activity level, and lifestyle to select and fit the most appropriate system.

Receiving a prosthesis is a journey, not a single appointment. Here's how KickStart guides every patient—from first evaluation to confident, independent mobility.

1
Initial Evaluation

We review medical history, residual limb status, activity goals, and physician referrals in a no-rush consultation.

2
Casting & Measurement

A detailed negative cast and precise measurements of the residual limb form the foundation of a perfectly fitting socket.

3
Test Socket Fitting

We fabricate a clear diagnostic socket to verify fit, comfort, and alignment before building the definitive device.

4
Delivery & Training

The final prosthesis is delivered with thorough donning, doffing, and gait-training instruction—and written care guidelines.

5
Ongoing Follow-Up

Residual limbs change. We schedule regular check-ins to adjust, repair, and upgrade devices as your life evolves.

Expert Spinal Care,
Custom to You

The spine is the structural core of the body—and when it's compromised by injury, surgery, or chronic disease, the impact on daily life can be profound. KickStart's spinal orthotics program addresses a full spectrum of conditions, from post-surgical stabilization to long-term scoliosis management and osteoporosis-related fracture care.

Our certified practitioners evaluate each patient's imaging, medical history, and functional goals to recommend the most appropriate orthotic solution—then custom-fabricate and fit every device for maximum therapeutic benefit.

Conditions We Treat with Spinal Orthotics

Spinal Fractures

Thoracolumbar fractures stabilized with TLSO bracing to reduce anterior column load and promote healing.

Post-Surgical Recovery

Custom-molded TLSOs and LSOs that protect surgical sites and support the spine through fusion recovery.

Degenerative Disc Disease

Rigid LSO braces that restrict harmful motion by up to 50%, reducing pain and preventing further injury.

Osteoporosis & Kyphosis

Extension TLSO orthoses that counteract pathological kyphosis and reduce vertebral compression fracture risk.

Spondylolisthesis

Flexion LSOs that prevent excessive lordosis, reducing facet joint stress and nerve compression.

Lumbar Stenosis

Targeted LSO support that limits extension and eases pressure on compressed nerve roots in the lower spine.

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Proud to Serve Veterans

KickStart is honored to provide prosthetic and spinal orthotic care to those who served our nation. We work directly with VA authorization and understand the unique physical and emotional journey of veteran rehabilitation. Same dedication. No waiting.

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Insurance & Authorization

We accept most major insurance plans and work with Medicare and Medicaid. Our team handles prior authorizations and insurance coordination so you can focus entirely on your care and recovery—not the paperwork.

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Three Bay Area Locations

Serving patients from across the Bay Area at our Oakland, Pleasant Hill, and San Francisco clinics. We coordinate closely with your referring physicians, physical therapists, and medical team to ensure seamless, consistent care throughout your journey.

Advanced Prosthetic Technologies

The prosthetics field has undergone a revolution over the past three decades. From basic mechanical devices to AI-driven bionic limbs, the technology available today offers unprecedented functional restoration.

Technology Timeline

Ancient Egypt (~1000 BCE)
First Prosthetic Toe
A carved wooden toe attached to a mummy is among the earliest known prosthetic devices — primarily cosmetic, crafted from wood and leather.
1970s–1980s
Carbon Fiber & Modular Systems
The introduction of carbon-fiber components revolutionized prosthetics — lightweight, high-strength materials enabling energy-return feet and custom dynamic ankle-foot orthoses.
1993
First Microprocessor Knee
Blatchford's "Intelligent Prosthesis" became the first commercially available microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee, adapting in real time to walking speed and terrain.
2000s–2010s
Myoelectric Hands & CAD/CAM
Multi-grip myoelectric hands with pattern recognition appeared commercially. CAD/CAM transformed socket fabrication — faster, more precise, more customisable than ever.
2010s–Present
Osseointegration & Neural Interfaces
Titanium implants anchored directly to bone eliminate the socket entirely. Neural-interface prosthetics read muscle and nerve signals to provide intuitive control and sensory feedback.
2024–2025
MIT Bionic Knee & AI Integration
MIT's "osseointegrated mechanoneural prosthesis" combines bone-anchored implants with surgically reconnected muscles (AMI surgery), allowing above-knee amputees to walk faster, climb stairs, and navigate obstacles with unprecedented control.

Current Technologies Offered

Lower Limb
Microprocessor Knees
Onboard computers make 50–100 adjustments per second, adapting stance stability and swing-phase control in real time. Systems like the Ottobock C-Leg, Ossur Rheo Knee, and Genium X3 allow users to walk backward, climb stairs step-over-step, and participate in water activities.
C-Leg Rheo Knee Genium X3
Lower Limb
Energy-Return Carbon Fiber Feet
Dynamic response feet store energy during heel strike and release it at toe-off, mimicking the natural Achilles tendon. High-performance blade designs allow amputees to sprint, jump, and compete at elite athletic levels.
Ossur Flex-Foot Blade Runners Waterproof Options
Upper Limb
Myoelectric Multi-Grip Hands
EMG sensors detect muscle contractions and translate them into hand movements — multiple grip patterns including power grip, pinch, key grip, and fine motor functions. Pattern recognition enables intuitive control of up to 10+ grip patterns simultaneously.
i-Limb bebionic Pattern Recognition
Fabrication
CAD/CAM & 3D Printing
Precise digital scanning of the residual limb, computerised socket modification, and CNC-milled or 3D-printed sockets. Reduces fabrication time from weeks to days and enables rapid iterative adjustments. Adjustable socket systems like RevoFit provide real-time volume management.
3D Printing CAD/CAM RevoFit

Socket Design & Suspension Systems

The socket is the most critical component of any prosthesis — it is the interface between the patient's residual limb and the device. Proper socket fit determines comfort, function, and skin health.

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Pin Lock / Lanyard
A silicone liner with a pin at the base locks into a mechanism at the bottom of the socket. Simple, reliable, and cost-effective. Requires some hand dexterity to don. Used for both transtibial and transfemoral prostheses.
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Suction / Elevated Vacuum
Negative pressure keeps the residual limb secure. Elevated vacuum suspension (EVS) uses a pump to maintain constant suction, reducing pistoning, improving proprioception, and stabilising limb volume.
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Osseointegration
A titanium implant is anchored into the residual bone — eliminating the socket entirely. Offers superior stability, fewer skin complications, and dramatically improved proprioception ("osseoperception").

The Prosthetic Fitting Process

At KickStart O&P, we follow a thorough, evidence-based process from initial evaluation through long-term follow-up care.

1
Evaluation & Goals
Residual limb health, strength, balance, and lifestyle goals assessed.
2
Prescription
Optimal prosthetic system chosen based on K-level, activity, and coverage.
3
Casting & Fabrication
Digital scan or plaster cast, followed by CAD/CAM socket design.
4
Fitting & Alignment
Diagnostic socket, alignment adjustments, and gait analysis sessions.
5
Rehabilitation
Gait training, skin care education, and progressive activity advancement.
6
Follow-Up Care
Ongoing adjustments, component upgrades, and annual re-evaluation.

Human-Interest Stories That
Define Who We Are

Behind every brace and prosthetic is a person with a story. These are a few of the moments that remind us why we do this work.

"
Tony is a FABULOUS orthotist! Timely, professional, and possessing a great bedside manner, he will serve you and your loved ones well.
— Octavio J., KickStart Patient

A Family Practice Built on
25 Years of Dedicated Care

We're not a corporate chain. We're a family-run Bay Area practice where every patient is known by name, every story is heard with empathy, and every device is built with care.

KickStart clinic and patient care KickStart O&P team

It's Not the Destination.
It's the Journey.

KickStart Orthotics & Prosthetics was founded in November 2018 with a clear vision: to deliver the kind of personalized, expert care that corporate providers simply can't match. We specialize in pediatrics, scoliosis bracing, and we are honored to serve our veterans.

Your stories are heard with understanding, and your needs are met with quality assurance. We pride ourselves on making our patients feel welcomed, confident, and empowered to choose the best device for their individual needs.

Call Us: (510) 996-4200

The Experts Behind Your Care

Tony LaFrance, CPO — Owner of KickStart O&P
Tony LaFrance
C.P.O. · Owner & Founder

As an ABC Certified Prosthetist and Orthotist, Tony attended Northwestern University and completed residencies in New Orleans and Texas in 1998. Formerly with Laurence Orthopedics, he has worked on Telegraph Ave in Oakland for 19+ years, building deep relationships within Alameda County. He founded KickStart in November 2018 to continue delivering the personalized care his patients deserve.

ABC Certified Prosthetist & Orthotist
Northwestern University Graduate
30 Years Industry Experience
15+ Years Scoliosis & Pediatric Specialist
Founder, KickStart O&P (est. 2018)
Michael Plafker, CPO — KickStart O&P
Michael Plafker
C.P.O. · Senior Practitioner

Michael is a graduate of the Northwestern University Prosthetic and Orthotic program and the University at Buffalo Industrial Engineering program. With 32 years in practice—including 4 years as an orthotic technician—he is an expert in fabricating orthoses for post-stroke and post-operative rehabilitation, as well as prostheses for amputations. He is the former owner of San Francisco Prosthetic and Orthotic Service (SFPOS).

ABC Certified Prosthetist & Orthotist
Northwestern University Graduate
32 Years Industry Experience
15+ Years Acute Rehabilitation Specialist
Former Owner, SFPOS

Comprehensive Orthotic &
Prosthetic Care

We offer a complete spectrum of orthotics and prosthetics, customized to each patient's anatomy, lifestyle, and goals.

Scoliosis Braces

Boston Rigo Cheneau, Boston 3D, Dynamic Whisper Brace, Nighttime-only, UNYQ, Post-Surgery

Pediatric Orthotics

Specialized bracing for children at every stage of development

Ankle-Foot Orthoses

SMOs, AFOs, KAFOs, Carbon Fiber AFO, CROW Walker

Spinal Orthotics

TLSO, LSO, Custom Spinal, Pinless Halo, Cervical Thoracic

Neuromuscular Bracing

Walk Aid, Stance Control Orthoses, custom neuromuscular support

Clubfoot Bracing

Mitchells Method and other proven clubfoot correction systems

Hip Abduction Brace

Range of motion bracing for hip disorders

Custom Leather Anklet

Traditional craftsmanship for complex ankle conditions

Below-Knee Prosthetics

Custom socket, carbon feet, sleeve suspension systems

Above-Knee Prosthetics

Electronic knee, microprocessor knee, suction socket

Suction Socket Systems

Advanced suspension for comfort and natural gait

Carbon Fiber Feet

High-performance carbon foot components for active users

Silicon & Locking Liners

Comfortable interface systems for optimal fit and security

Lightweight Design

Minimizing device weight while maximizing function and durability

Insurance & Coverage

We work with most major insurance plans and handle the entire verification and authorization process on your behalf.

Medi-Cal
Contracted
Blue Shield
Contracted in Network
Anthem Blue Cross
Accepted
Kaiser Permanente
Contracted in Network
Aetna
Accepted
United Healthcare
Accepted
Medicare
Accepted
Tricare / VA
Veterans Benefits
Health Net
Contracted
Cigna
Accepted
Sutter Health
Accepted
We handle all insurance verification, prior authorization, and billing — so you can focus on your care, not the paperwork. Call us at (510) 996-4200 and we'll confirm your coverage before your first appointment.

Request an
Appointment

Whether you're a physician referring a patient or a family seeking care, we offer a no-cost initial consultation. Call us or fill out the form—we'll be in touch promptly.

Phone

(510) 996-4200

Three Bay Area Locations

Oakland · Pleasant Hill · San Francisco

View all locations & hours →

Request a Consultation

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Request Received!

Thank you. A member of the KickStart team will reach out to you within one business day to confirm your consultation.

Three Bay Area Locations

Serving Oakland, the East Bay, and San Francisco. Call us to confirm scheduling for your preferred location.

📍 Oakland — Main Clinic
Oakland
4651 Telegraph Ave
Oakland, CA 94609
Monday8:00 am – 11:30 am
Tuesday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
Wednesday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
Friday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
📍 Get Directions
📍 Pleasant Hill
Pleasant Hill
401 Gregory Lane, Suite 136
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Monday12:30 pm – 4:30 pm
Tuesday12:00 pm – 4:30 pm
Thursday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
📍 Get Directions
📍 San Francisco
San Francisco
1880 Mission Street, Suite E
San Francisco, CA 94103
Monday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
Wednesday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
Thursday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
Friday8:00 am – 4:30 pm
📍 Get Directions
Contact Us Directly
📞 (510) 996-4200  ·  Fax: (510) 906-4557
✉ Mari@Kickstartoandp.com

O&P Terminology
Explained Clearly

We believe informed patients make empowered decisions. Use the glossary below to understand common terms in orthotics and prosthetics.

ABC-Certified Practitioner
A certified orthotist or prosthetist who has passed rigorous exams set by the American Board for Certification. Think of it like a board-certified doctor — it means your provider has met the highest professional standards in the field.
Above Knee Prosthesis (AKP)
An artificial limb used when someone has lost their leg above the knee. Because the knee joint is also missing, these are more complex devices. Modern versions can include computer-controlled knees that automatically adjust to stairs and slopes.
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the center of the body — like raising your arm out to your side. You may hear this term when a therapist is describing how well your child can move a limb.
Adams Forward Bend Test
A simple screening test for scoliosis. Your child bends forward at the waist while the doctor looks at their back from behind. If the spine is curved, a visible "hump" appears on one side of the back. It's quick, painless, and often done at school physicals.
AFO (Ankle-Foot Orthosis)
A brace that wraps around the foot and up the back of the lower leg to support the ankle and foot. Commonly used for children with drop foot, cerebral palsy, or after a stroke to help them walk more safely and comfortably.
Amputation
The surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb, usually due to injury, disease (like diabetes), or a condition present at birth. After amputation, a prosthetist works with the patient to fit an artificial limb.
Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO)
See AFO. A supportive brace for the foot and ankle area that helps with walking and stability.
Below Knee Prosthesis (BKP)
An artificial limb used when someone has lost their leg below the knee. Because the knee is still present, rehabilitation is often faster and walking feels more natural than with above-knee prostheses.
Boston Brace
One of the most commonly prescribed scoliosis braces. It is a custom-molded plastic shell worn under clothing that fits from just under the arms to the hips. It applies pressure to specific areas of the spine to slow or stop curve progression. Typically worn 18–23 hours per day.
Boston Rigo Cheneau Brace
An advanced version of the traditional Boston brace that corrects the spine in all three dimensions — not just side to side. It is considered one of the most effective bracing systems for adolescent scoliosis and is custom-made to each child's unique spinal curve pattern.
Carbon Fiber
A lightweight but incredibly strong material used in high-performance prosthetic feet and leg components. Carbon fiber stores energy as you walk and releases it with each step — similar to how a spring works — giving a more natural, efficient stride.
Cerebral Palsy
A group of neurological conditions caused by brain injury before, during, or shortly after birth that affects movement and muscle coordination. Many children with cerebral palsy use AFOs, KAFOs, or other orthotic devices to help them walk and maintain proper posture.
Cobb Angle
The standard measurement used to describe how much a spine curves in scoliosis, measured in degrees on an X-ray. A curve of 10° or more means a scoliosis diagnosis. Mild curves are 10–25°, moderate are 25–40°, and severe are over 40°. Bracing is typically recommended between 25–40°.
Clubfoot (Pes Varus)
A birth condition where a baby's foot is twisted inward and downward. It is very treatable — usually with a series of gentle casts followed by a special brace worn at night. Most children treated early go on to walk, run, and play without problems.
Congenital
A condition that is present from birth. For example, a child born without a limb has a congenital limb difference. This is different from a limb lost later in life through injury or surgery.
Coronal Plane
An imaginary line that divides the body into front and back halves. In scoliosis, the side-to-side curve of the spine is visible in the coronal plane — it's what you see on an X-ray taken from the front or back.
CPO (Certified Prosthetist-Orthotist)
A healthcare professional who is certified in both prosthetics (artificial limbs) and orthotics (braces and supportive devices). Both Tony and Michael at KickStart hold this credential, which is the highest level of certification in the field.
Custom Designed Orthoses
Braces or supportive devices made specifically for one patient using a mold or measurements of their body. Unlike off-the-shelf braces, custom devices are shaped to fit your child's exact anatomy for better results and comfort.
Degenerative Disc Disease
A condition where the cushioning discs between the vertebrae (spinal bones) break down over time, causing pain and stiffness. Spinal braces can help limit painful movements and reduce pressure on the affected area.
Distal
Farther away from where a limb attaches to the body. For example, the hand is distal to the shoulder. You may hear this term when a doctor describes the location of an injury or the part of a prosthetic limb.
Drop Foot
A condition where a person cannot lift the front part of their foot, causing them to drag their toes when walking. An AFO brace is the most common treatment, holding the foot at the right angle to allow a normal walking pattern.
Edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid building up in the body's tissues. Managing swelling is important in prosthetic fitting because a swollen residual limb can change size, affecting how well the prosthesis fits. Compression garments and elevation help manage edema.
ESAR Foot (Energy Storing and Return)
A type of prosthetic foot made of carbon fiber that compresses as weight is put on it and then springs back to help push the foot forward. It mimics the function of the Achilles tendon and makes walking feel more natural and efficient.
Flexion
Bending a joint to make it smaller — like bending your elbow to bring your hand to your shoulder. The opposite is extension (straightening out). You'll hear these terms when therapists describe joint movement and range of motion.
Genu Valgum (Knock Knees)
A condition where the knees angle inward and touch when the legs are straight, while the feet stay apart. Mild knock knees are common in toddlers and often correct on their own. More significant cases may benefit from an orthotic brace or shoe inserts.
Hemiplegia
Paralysis affecting one entire side of the body — the arm and leg on the same side. Often caused by stroke or brain injury. Orthotic devices like AFOs are commonly used to help with walking and daily function.
Idiopathic Scoliosis
"Idiopathic" simply means "we don't know the cause." About 80% of scoliosis cases are idiopathic — the curve develops on its own, not from an injury, bad posture, or anything a parent or child did wrong. It most commonly appears during the growth spurt of adolescence.
KAFO (Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis)
A brace that supports the knee, ankle, and foot together — extending from the thigh down to the foot. KAFOs are used for conditions that affect the knee's ability to hold the leg straight, such as certain nerve or muscle conditions.
Kyphosis
An excessive forward rounding of the upper back — sometimes called a "hunchback." Mild kyphosis is common. More significant kyphosis can affect posture, breathing, and comfort. Spinal braces can help manage kyphosis, especially when caught early.
Liner
A soft silicone or gel sleeve that fits directly over a residual limb before the prosthetic socket is put on. Liners cushion the skin, protect it from friction, and help keep the prosthesis securely attached to the body.
LSO (Lumbosacral Orthosis)
A back brace that supports the lower back (lumbar) and sacral area. It is used for lower back pain, disc problems, and after lower spine surgery. It wraps around the torso and limits bending and twisting to protect the spine while it heals.
Lumbar Stenosis
A narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back that puts pressure on the nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs. An LSO brace can help by limiting backward bending (extension), which often makes symptoms worse.
Microprocessor Knee
A sophisticated prosthetic knee that uses onboard sensors and a small computer to automatically adjust how it moves based on the terrain and walking speed. It makes walking on stairs, slopes, and uneven surfaces much safer and more natural for above-knee amputees.
Myoelectric Prosthesis
A battery-powered artificial arm or hand that is controlled by tiny electrical signals produced naturally by the muscles in the residual limb. When the person thinks about moving their hand, their muscles fire and sensors in the prosthesis pick up those signals to move the device.
Night-Time Brace
A type of scoliosis brace designed to be worn only during sleep. Because the body is lying down, different corrective forces can be applied. These braces are typically used for mild-to-moderate curves and are popular with patients who prefer not to wear a brace during daytime activities.
Orthosis (plural: Orthoses)
The technical word for a brace or supportive device worn on the outside of the body. Orthoses support, align, correct, or prevent movement of a body part. Examples include back braces, ankle braces, knee braces, and scoliosis braces.
Orthotics
The branch of healthcare focused on designing and fitting orthoses (braces and supportive devices). An orthotist evaluates patients, takes measurements or molds, and custom-fabricates devices to improve function, manage conditions, and reduce pain.
Osteoporosis
A condition where bones become weak and brittle, making them more likely to fracture — even from minor falls or everyday activities. The spine is especially vulnerable. Spinal braces can help support the back and reduce the risk of vertebral compression fractures.
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the legs and lower trunk, usually caused by a spinal cord injury or disease. Paraplegic patients often use a combination of orthotic bracing, wheelchairs, and rehabilitation to maximize independence and function.
Partial Foot Prosthesis
An artificial device used when part of the foot has been amputated, such as some or all of the toes or the front part of the foot. It restores push-off ability, protects the remaining foot, and allows the patient to wear regular shoes.
Pediatric Orthotics
The specialty area of orthotics focused on children. Pediatric orthotists understand that children are not small adults — their growing bodies, active lifestyles, and developmental needs require specially designed and fitted devices, as well as extra patience and care.
Pes Planus (Flatfoot)
A condition where the arch of the foot is flat or collapsed, causing the entire sole to touch the ground. Many toddlers have flat feet that develop an arch naturally. When flatfoot causes pain or affects walking, custom shoe inserts or an AFO can help.
Post-Surgery TLSO
A custom-molded body jacket brace prescribed after spinal surgery to protect the surgical site, support healing, and prevent the patient from bending or twisting in ways that could disrupt the fusion. It is typically worn for several weeks to months after surgery.
Prosthesis (plural: Prostheses)
An artificial device that replaces a missing body part — most commonly a limb like an arm, hand, leg, or foot. Modern prostheses are custom-made to each patient and can be designed for everyday use, high-impact sports, or specific activities like swimming.
Prosthetics
The branch of healthcare focused on designing, fabricating, and fitting prostheses (artificial limbs and body parts). A prosthetist works closely with patients and their medical team to choose the right device and ensure it fits comfortably and functions well.
Residual Limb
The portion of a limb that remains after amputation. You may also hear it called a "stump," though "residual limb" is preferred. The shape, length, and health of the residual limb directly affect how well a prosthesis can be fitted and used.
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves. In scoliosis, the sagittal plane shows the natural forward curves of the neck and lower back. Scoliosis can reduce these curves, affecting posture and sometimes breathing.
Scoliosis
A sideways curve of the spine that also involves rotation of the vertebrae — it's a three-dimensional condition, not just a simple curve. About 3% of children develop it, most often during the growth spurt before puberty. It is not caused by poor posture or backpacks. Bracing is the main non-surgical treatment for moderate curves.
Socket
The custom-fitted cup that connects a prosthetic limb to the patient's residual limb. It is the most important part of any prosthesis — a well-fitting socket prevents skin breakdown, distributes weight evenly, and determines how naturally the prosthesis moves.
Spondylolisthesis
A condition where one vertebra (spinal bone) slips forward over the one below it. It can cause back pain, stiffness, and sometimes leg pain or numbness. Bracing helps limit the movements that aggravate the slip and provides pain relief.
Suspension System
The method used to keep a prosthetic limb securely attached to the body. Options include pin-lock liners, suction, and vacuum systems. The right system depends on the patient's activity level, limb shape, and personal preference.
TLSO (Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral Orthosis)
A rigid back brace that covers the mid and lower spine — from below the shoulder blades down to the hips. TLSOs are used for scoliosis bracing, spinal fractures, and post-surgical recovery. The Boston Brace and Rigo Cheneau are both types of TLSOs.
Transfemoral Prosthesis
The technical term for an above-knee prosthesis. "Trans" means across and "femoral" refers to the femur (thigh bone). These are among the most complex prostheses because they must replace both the knee joint and the lower leg.
Transtibial Prosthesis
The technical term for a below-knee prosthesis. "Tibial" refers to the tibia (shin bone). Because the knee is still present, rehabilitation is typically faster and the walking pattern can be more natural.
Transverse Plane
An imaginary horizontal line that divides the body into top and bottom halves. In scoliosis, the transverse plane shows the rotation of the vertebrae — this rotation is what causes the visible rib hump when a child bends forward.
UnyQ Custom Brace
A modern scoliosis brace that uses 3D scanning and printing technology to create a lightweight, precisely fitting brace. UnyQ braces are known for their low-profile design and ability to be customized in appearance — some can even be printed in custom colors or patterns, which many teenagers appreciate.
Vertebra (plural: Vertebrae)
One of the individual bones that stack on top of each other to form the spine. There are 33 vertebrae in the human spine. In scoliosis, the vertebrae curve and rotate. In conditions like osteoporosis, they can fracture (compress) under pressure.